Yesterday you were reading about the Caesar’s death. He had huge military success and was supported by the plebeians. In 44 BC, he was given the title of dictator in perpetuity. The Roman Empire was really big and some senators thought that it was dangerous he became more and more powerful. They were afraid of the plebeians.
A group of senator conspired and had Caesar assasinated on the Ides of March (44 BC)
After Caesar’s death, his adopted son Octavius won a civil war. In 27 BC, the Senate named him Augustus that means «chosen by the gods».
Octavius Augustus
Now you are going to read pages 242 and 243 in the book. Make the activities and send then the next Monday. Below you have a video in Spanish about all the lesson.
ACTIVITIES
What new powers did Augustus have?
What did he do with the republican institutions?
What is the meaning of Imperial Cult?
Define Pax Romana.
What factors helped the Roman lifestyle and language spread?
Read the text. I will send you the questions on Thursday. Have fun.
Ancient Greek artists were masters of optical illusion. They used that talent in their art to create beautiful and interesting paintings and statues and buildings.
Ancient Greek artists were very different from artists in other ancient cultures. In ancient Rome, if someone had a big nose, the artist would give him a big nose in the painting or sculpture. The Greeks would never do that. When the Greeks created a statue or painting of a real person, Greek artists created a «look» that somewhat resembled the person, but their appearance was improved, sometimes vastly improved. The artists gave men rippling muscles. They gave women long, flowing hair. Eyes and noses were spaced just right.
The ancient Greeks loved beauty. Their love of beauty was reflected in their art. Be it a vase or a pillar or a statue or a painting or a piece of fabric, the ancient Greeks wanted their art to be visually interesting.
The Greeks were masters of optical illusion. They wanted their columns to provided the support they needed. They also wanted their columns and their buildings to be beautiful. They used optical illusions when constructing their buildings. In reality, Greek pillars might lean this way or that way in order to provide better support, or they might be thicker in the middle, but from a distance, the pillars looked straight and graceful. When constructing a temple, they often leaned their pillars a bit towards the center, to give the temple the appearance of rising towards the heavens.
The Greeks loved to tell stories and loved beauty and grace, cleverness, and muscle. They built all of these things into their art.
Archaic Period: The Greeks from the Archaic Period made sculptures of men called Kouroi and women called Korai. These statues had similar features and stood stiffly with their arms at their sides.
Classical Period: During the Classical Period, Greek artists began to sculpt people in more relaxed postures and even in action scenes. The most famous works from this era include the statue of Zeus at Olympia and the statue of Athena at Parthenos.
Doryphoros
Hellenistic Period: After Alexander the Great conquered much of Asia, the sculpture and artwork of the Greeks became influenced by the cultures and people they had conquered. This period is called the Hellenistic Period. This period saw new subjects including women, children, and common people appear in Greek art. Famous works from this era include the Venus de Milo, the Dying Gaul, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.
Winged Victory of Samothrace
Greek Sculpture
Greek sculpture was meant to show perfection. They wanted to create lifelike images of near perfect humans. Unlike the Romans, the Greeks never showed human imperfections in their art.
Greek Columns
Greek Architecture was intertwined with their art. A big part of their architecture was their columns. The Greek columns have been used in western architecture for the past 2500 years.
In Greek Architecture there were three main types of columns that were used: The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. See below for examples.
The famous Temple «Parthenon» with doric columns
Greek Painting
Written record shows that the Greeks enjoyed painting and that it was one of their most important types of art. However, very few of their paintings have survived as they were painted on wood panels or walls which have since been destroyed.
Pottery
One place where Greek painting did survive was on pottery and ceramics. We can tell from the intricate detail and quality of work that the Greeks were very talented painters.
Legacy
Greek art and architecture had a significant influence over western art for thousands of years to come. Much of Roman art and architecture was borrowed from the Greeks. Later, the artists of the Renaissance were inspired by the work of Greek artists.
Interesting Facts about Ancient Greek Art
Many of the original Greek sculptures were painted in bright colors and often included elements other than stone such as metal and ivory.
The painting of pottery was considered a high art form. The artists often signed their work.
The most famous of the Greek sculptors was Phidias. He was the artistic director of the Parthenon.
The Greeks used the lost-wax process to make bronze statues. This made it easy to make multiple copies of a statue.
Today we are going to study which polis had the power in Hellas. This is going to change during the centuries.
THE HEGEMONY OF ATHENS
This is a map of the Greco-Persians Wars that took place in the 5th century. The Persians (orange) tried to conquer Athens (blue). The Athenians won the battles of Marathon and Salamis. Athens became the most powerful polis.
Athens created the Delian League (477 BC) to be stronger. The Delian League was an organization to defend the polis that had good relationships with Athens. They had a big fleet with a lot of ships.
It was the time of Pericles. He led the Delian League and built the Parthenon. It was the a temple for the gods in Athens.
2. CONFRONTATION WITH SPARTA
Sparta was jealous of Athens because they had a lot of power. This started the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC). Sparta (yellow) organised a coalition of cities to defeat Athens (orange). Athens was defeated and the tyrants started to control the polis.
3. MACEDONIA CONQUERS HELLAS
In the 4th century the king of Macedonia (orange), Philip II (Filipo) conquered Greece (yellow) because they were exhausted after the Peloponessian War.
They has a powerful army based on the phalanx.
The phalanx was a military formation (en español decimos falange)
The son of Philip II was the famous Alexander the Great. He unified Hellas and conquered a big part of the world (purple).
The next day we will study the empire of Alexander the Great
ACTIVITIES
What happened in the Greco-Persians Wars?
What happened in the Peloponnesian War?
When was the Parthenon built?
Why did Macedonia conquer Greece?
Now you have to make a timeline with important events that we have studied.
history for 1º in the times of Covid-19/ Historia para 1º en los tiempos del Covid-19 